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1.10 HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is the main code used for making web pages. HTML lets us add both text and graphics to web pages. Web browsers are made to read and show HTML correctly.

Key Points from this section:

1. Hypertext

  • Definition: Hypertext is a mix of text and images that can link to other documents or web pages. When you click on hypertext, it will open a new web page or another part of the current page.
  • Important Points:
    • Hypertext makes web pages interactive.
    • It allows users to jump from one place to another easily.
  • Examples:
    1. Clicking on a blue underlined word (a hyperlink) on a website that takes you to another website.
    2. Clicking an image that takes you to a gallery of photos.
    3. A "Read More" button that links to the rest of an article.

2. Markups

  • Definition: Markups are special symbols or characters used in HTML documents. These are used to tell the browser how to display the text or images. The special symbols are called Tags.
  • Important Points:
    • HTML tags are always in angle brackets like <html> or <p>.
    • Markups help set the design and layout of web pages.
  • Examples:
    1. <b>This is bold text.</b> — <b> and </b> are markup tags for bold text.
    2. <img src="cat.jpg"> — The <img> tag is a markup for images.
    3. <a href="https://kips.in">Visit KIPS</a> — The <a> tag is a markup for hyperlinks.

3. Markup Language

  • Definition: A markup language is made to create a markup scheme for electronic documents. It tells how text should look (formatting and layout) in files. HTML is one of the most widely used markup languages.
  • Important Points:
    • Markup languages use tags.
    • They control appearance and style, not just plain text.
  • Examples:
    1. HTML — used for websites.
    2. XML — used for structured data (for example, in banking or business).
    3. Markdown — used for writing documents easily.

1.11 PROTOCOLS

Protocols are sets of rules followed by computers for sharing data. They standardize data transfers and make sure all devices 'talk' in the same way. Without protocols, computers couldn’t share data easily or safely.

Key Points from this section:

1. Protocols

  • Definition: Protocols are sets of rules that decide how data moves, is shown, or is used in networks and computers. Every technology follows its own protocol.
  • Important Points:
    • Protocols help different machines and software work together.
    • They ensure data is sent safely and correctly.
  • Examples:
    1. TCP/IP — for sending data over the Internet.
    2. HTTP & HTTPS — for accessing web pages.
    3. FTP — for sharing files between computers.

2. TCP/IP

  • Definition: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a family of protocols for communication over the Internet.
  • Important Points:
    • It is the backbone of Internet communication.
    • Has two main parts: TCP and IP.
      • TCP splits information into packets and reassembles them.
      • IP sends packets to the correct address.
  • Examples:
    1. Sending an email — your message is broken into packets, sent, and reassembled at the recipient’s end using TCP/IP.
    2. Browsing the web — web data moves as packets via TCP/IP.
    3. Downloading a video — the video is split and sent in packets, which are reassembled to play the video.

Activity: Demonstrating TCP/IP (Packet-Switching)

Objective: To understand how data travels over Internet using TCP/IP packet-switching.

Materials:

  • 10 small envelopes ('packets'),
  • Pieces of a short message (divide "HELLOWORLD" into 10 slips),
  • 2 labeled boxes ('Sender' and 'Receiver'),
  • A few volunteers to act as routers.

Steps:

  1. Write each letter of "HELLOWORLD" on a separate slip — total 10 slips.
  2. Put each slip into a different envelope. Number each envelope 1 to 10 for the sequence.
  3. Place all envelopes in the 'Sender' box.
  4. Assign volunteers to act as routers, each holding a route from sender to receiver.
  5. Each router randomly forwards envelopes to the next router.
  6. Finally, all envelopes reach the 'Receiver' box.
  7. Open the envelopes (packets). Arrange slips in numeric order to get the message.

Observations:

  • Packets may arrive out of order, but using numbers, they are reassembled correctly.
  • If a packet gets 'lost', sender can be told to resend just that part.
  • Not all packets take the same route.

3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

  • Definition: HTTP rules decide how browsers and servers communicate and how web data is sent and received.
  • Important Points:
    • HTTP is the standard protocol for the World Wide Web.
    • It handles document formatting, commands, and responses.
  • Examples:
    1. Entering a URL (like http://kips.in) in your browser to open a website.
    2. Downloading an image or a PDF from a website uses HTTP.
    3. Loading a video embedded on a news website.

4. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

  • Definition: HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. It encrypts data so nobody can read it except the sender and receiver.
  • Important Points:
    • Uses SSL or TLS certificates for encryption.
    • Used for websites where confidential data (passwords, bank info) is sent.
    • Shows a lock symbol in web browsers.
  • Examples:
    1. Online banking websites (https://bankofindia.co.in).
    2. Secure online shopping (https://amazon.in).
    3. Websites where you log in with a password.

Differences Between HTTP and HTTPS

HTTPHTTPS
The base protocol for web data exchange.A secure, encrypted variant of HTTP.
Data is NOT encrypted — can be read by others.Data is encrypted with TLS — private & secure.
Used for general information sites.Used for confidential info (login, payment, personal data).

Scenario based Questions

  1. Scenario: You need to explain to a friend why Wikipedia links are colored and clickable.

    • Question: How would you describe hypertext on a Wikipedia page?
    • Answer: On Wikipedia, colored clickable words are hypertext. They let you jump to other pages or sections just by clicking, making information easy to find.

  2. Scenario: Your school website does not show the text in bold even after using <b> tags.

    • Question: What role do markup tags play in how your browser displays content?
    • Answer: Markup tags tell the browser how to show content, like making text bold. If it's not working, the tag may be wrong or the browser may not support it.

  3. Scenario: Your friend is shopping online and asks why there's a lock symbol in the web address bar.

    • Question: What does the lock symbol mean and why is it important?
    • Answer: The lock means the site uses HTTPS. It protects your personal and payment information from being stolen.

  4. Scenario: You are sending an email and worry how it travels over the Internet.

    • Question: How does TCP/IP ensure your email reaches the recipient safely?
    • Answer: TCP/IP splits your email into packets, sends them across the network, and the receiver’s computer puts them together in the right order.

  5. Scenario: You're writing an essay about Internet standards and why data from different countries can be shared.

    • Question: How would you describe the role of protocols in global communication?
    • Answer: Protocols are like common rules that all computers follow, which helps them share information smoothly, no matter where they are in the world.

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