Transportation in Human Beings – Long Answer Questions

Medium Level (Application & Explanation)

Answer:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It has plasma and cells.
Plasma is about 55% of blood. It has water, salts, and proteins.
Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen from lungs to tissues. They help carry back carbon dioxide.
White blood cells (WBCs) fight infections. They remove pathogens.
Platelets help in clotting. They stop bleeding after injury.
Plasma carries nutrients like glucose and amino acids. It also transports hormones and wastes.

Answer:

The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers.
The right atrium gets deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae.
It moves to the right ventricle, which sends blood to the lungs for oxygen.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
It moves to the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the whole body.
Valves prevent backflow. The left ventricle has thicker walls for strong pumping.

Answer:

Blood pressure is the force of blood on vessel walls.
Systolic pressure is during heart contraction.
Diastolic pressure is during heart relaxation.
It is measured by a sphygmomanometer.
A normal reading is around 120/80 mm Hg.
Hypertension means high pressure. It raises the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Regular monitoring helps find problems early and manage them.

Answer:

There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, elastic walls.
The aorta is the main artery. It carries oxygenated blood at high pressure.
Veins bring blood back to the heart. They have valves to stop backflow.
Veins like the jugular return blood from the head.
Capillaries are tiny vessels. They allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes with tissues.

Answer:

Lymph is a fluid like plasma, but with fewer proteins.
It forms when plasma leaks from capillaries into tissues.
Lymphatic vessels collect this fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
Lymph carries dietary fats from the intestines to the blood.
It transports white blood cells and supports the immune response.
If drainage is poor, edema (swelling) happens due to fluid build-up in tissues.

Answer:

The cut breaks small blood vessels. Blood starts to flow out.
Platelets stick to the edges and form a platelet plug.
Platelets release chemicals that start the clotting process.
A mesh forms to seal the cut. The clot prevents further blood loss.
If platelets are low or faulty, bleeding may be excessive and slow to stop.
Proper clotting protects against infection and saves blood volume.
In surgeries, doctors support platelet function to control bleeding.

Answer:

The readings show hypertension. It is above the normal 120/80 mm Hg.
High pressure strains artery walls and the heart.
It raises the risk of heart disease and stroke over time.
The heart must pump harder against higher resistance.
Use a proper sphygmomanometer and measure at the same time each day.
Seek medical advice for guidance. Follow advice on diet, activity, and treatment if needed.
Early control protects the circulatory system and vital organs.

Answer:

Hemoglobin in RBCs carries oxygen to body tissues.
Adult males often have higher levels than females. Hormones and muscle mass affect this.
Children usually have lower levels than adults. Levels change with growth and development.
In cows and buffaloes, levels vary with age, sex, and health status.
Calves may differ from adults due to growth needs and diet.
Low hemoglobin reduces oxygen transport and can lower activity and endurance.
Differences arise from nutrition, infections, and overall physiology between groups.

Answer:

The heart rate rises. The left ventricle pumps more strongly each beat.
Arteries carry extra oxygenated blood to working muscles.
Capillaries widen to improve exchange of oxygen and nutrients.
RBCs deliver more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Plasma supplies glucose and carries away wastes like urea and CO2.
Veins and their valves help return blood to the heart quickly.
The system keeps homeostasis, so you recover after rest.

Answer:

Birds have a four-chambered heart. There is no mixing of blood.
Oxygen delivery is very efficient. It supports flight, which needs high energy.
Amphibians have three chambers. Some mixing lowers oxygen supply to tissues.
They manage with lower activity and can tolerate some mixing.
Fish have two chambers. Blood passes the heart once before oxygenation in gills.
This suits aquatic life and lower pressure systems.
Thus, heart design matches energy needs and habitat in each group.